Foraging Strategies of the Common Day Critter

Foraging Strategies of the Common Day Critter Mark FreyFebruary 16, 2014 The foraging strategies of the common day critter Abstract: The reason for this lab is to comprehend foraging creatures methods and strategies. We will test the strategies and methods by imitating both biotic and abiotic deterrents. The material and routines were utilized as a part of request to develop a zone to imitate a foraging range. I utilized a 10m x 10m zone cornered off by tape and called it the foraging zone. 3m far from that zone were marked as a protected zone for the foragers to hold their chips throughout each trail. The calories gathered the forager’s marked plastic chips with numbers on the front and backs keeping in mind the end goal to demonstrate the measure of calories. For the outcomes I took the effects from the trials and utilized them to get the chi-squared value and attempted to demonstrate or discredit the null hypothesis. After the gathering of results and putting them into tables on excel; I found the calories per chip and the calories per forager. I then made two graphs to better display the numbers per tri al. The effects were fruitful in demonstrating our hypothesis. The numbers indicated that biotic and abiotic variables intensely influence gathering proficiency. The information could be identified with numerous creatures that search for survival. Introduction: All creatures need to look for food sooner or later to survive. This methodology can get to be extremely entangled because of numerous distinctive variables. While carrying limit, foraging distance and predation assume an enormous part in foraging proficiency; climate and experience or learning assumes a drastically overwhelming part on foragers. As the temperature falls the battle to survive becomes worse, however Foragers with broad information know how to battle climate and different obstructions. For instance, the different searching tactics of passerine birds foraging among the foliage of a northern hardwoods forest result in the capture of different kinds of prey. Five major searching modes are employed by the 11 foliage-foraging bird species. (Robinson and Holmes 1982) This unmistakably shows experience assuming a big time part in genuine foraging circumstances. In the lab we test trails mimicking the battles of commonplace foraging. It will uncover distinctive sorts of situat ions and the capacity to search for food successfully is corresponded specifically. Methods: A 10 m x10m square zone was made as the foraging zone and cornered off by tape on each of the four sides. This territory is utilized to give the foragers the results. A sheltered range is likewise built in the area of 3m far from the foraging territory, giving the foragers shelter. This region was utilized as a place of refuge throughout the trail periods. Plastic poker chips represented the food in this experiment. Three sorts of chips were utilized as a part of the test; they were blue, white, and red. Each of the chips was stamped with calories content on each side. Throughout each trail I included the totaled numbers of calories on each side of the chip and noted them. Before every trial started the chips were randomly disperse onto the foraging region before testing. Every trial was set up for diverse test conditions, which was dependent upon rivalry, no predators, and minimal handling time. Trail one started with a singular forager leaving the place of refuge and gathering two chips at once. The forager wasnt permitted to convey an unfathomable amount chips. This trial included no rivalry, predators, and minimal handling time for the forager. The forager is timed by 1 minute for each gathering trip. After each trail we count each color separately with the calories content on both sides. Trail 2 conditions were the same as trail 1 with predators being the expansion to the set. The predators partition in this trial included alternate people tossing balls at the forager as they attempted to gather the chips. Foragers were allowed to convey any amount of chips they saw fit throughout the trial as possible. However they needed to hold up 10 seconds in the safe area if the predators hit them. Trail 3 was intended to reproduce cruel winter conditions for foragers. They were given no rivalry, predators, and expanded taking care of time. Gloves were utilized within this trail to depict pitiless winter conditions. This restricted me to one chip throughout each trek. In this trial I was restricted to gathering chips in a 30 second interim. Trail 4 had exploitative rivalry, no predators, and no minimal handling time. All the people in the trail were going up against one another. Gathering one chip at a time throughout the trials minute time limit. After the time is finished you need to count the sum of the information in the same estate as in the recent trials. Trail 5 has a contest rivalry, no predators, and no minimal handling time. The greater part of the foragers in this trial will be contending with one another in the minute time limit. We were permitted to gather one chip at a time, but to lift it up you needed to contend in a rock, paper, and scissors challenge to get the chip. Much the same as trail 1 the foragers are subjected to the minute time limit and every forager had their place of refuge. Trail 6 sole object was to discover the impacts of dangerous searching. With conditions dependent upon no competition, minimal handling time, and high scavenger possibility; there was no confinement to the amount of chips you can convey immediately. I had the chance to carry the chips to my sheltered range or gather as numerous chips in the minute interim. An alternate forager a die 30 seconds before the time was up and took the amount of chips that was rolled every five seconds. Trial 7 was the last trail and then we knew the distinction in the chips. Conditions like no rivalry, no predators, and no minimal handling time were an advantage. I was permitted to convey 2 chips to my protected zone, in a minute time limit. My null hypothesis was that the foragers productivity wasn’t influenced by biotic or abiotic elements. However the theory wasnt true after the information was gathered for the trial. After the information was put into statistical results the critical value was only greater then the chi squared value twice. Therefor the null hypothesis was rejected 5 times out of 7, ensuing in another theory. Foraging proficiency is influenced by biotic and abiotic components. Results: The data from the experiments demonstrate that the type of environment and type of outside factors heavily influence the forager. In the trials inclement weather and predators determined what type of chips the forager would get and how many calories a forager would get per trip. In table 1 the values for each trials chi-squared are compared to the degrees of freedom and determined if the null hypothesis is rejected or accepted. To get the chi-squared value the observed value of chips taken in the experiment is multiplied by either .25 or .50 depending on the chip color to find the expected value. The formula observed- expected squared divided by the expected is used to find the values of the white, red and blue chips. These numbers are then summed together to find if the value of the observed rejects or accepts the null hypothesis; seven trials were ran in this experiment only two of the trials accepted the null hypothesis. (Table 1 Chi^2) In table 2 the values that are used for the graph are the number of calories per chips over the seven trials. In the raw data the calories of all the white, red and blue were added up and were averaged out to get each trial’s average calories per chip. After gathering up all the results they were put into an ANOVA test and many other factors were found. The d.f is equal to 2, the f is equal to 3.574, and the probability of the result is .0026. (ANOVA test 2, Table 2 Calories/Chip graph) In table 3 the values that are used for the graph are the number of calories the foragers got over the seven trials. In the raw data the calories for each forager was added up and averaged for each trial’s calories per forager. After getting all the results of the trials it was put in an ANOVA test and three other factors were found. The d.f. is equal to 2, the f= is equal to 47.35, and the probability of the result is .001. (ANOVA test 1, Table 3 Calories/Forager graph) Discussion: In the results about what we have acquired we understand that there were exceptionally removed contrasts in each of the trials. Some were more probable and clear then others. Such as in the winter reproduction where foragers were constrained by severe climate like obstacles and the increase of foraging effectiveness from absence of predation or convey limit. In one of the trails, information of the assets that are foraged assumes a part in the trial. The information brought about an increased effectiveness and number of calories acquired. Indeed squirrels additionally react emphatically towards territories theyre acquainted with or have a more knowledge of. The squirrels selected patches yielding high rates of energy intake even though these patches were not sites of concentration of the preferred food(lewis, 1980). In trail 7, because of the information of the higher indicated chips foragers went acquire the higher chips rather than the typically ones. Foragers whether it was no hol ds barred, taking from one another or even predators take after the principles of optimal foraging were as picking up a benefit controls as the most astounding necessity. The theory of optimal foraging (Emlen, 1966; MacArthur Pianka, 1966) predicts a predator will select an item when the ‘gains’ from eating it exceeds the ‘costs. (Hernadez et al, 2002) regardless, the effects were great in recreating genuine circumstances with genuine outcomes. Works Cited Dewitt et al . 2002. Coyote diets in the Chihuahuan Desert. Journal of Arid Environments 51: 613–624. Lewis R.. 1980. Patch Use By Gray Squirrels. The Ecological Society of America 61 1371-1379. Robinson K., Holmes T.. 1982. Foraging Behavior Of Forest Birds. Ecological Society of America. Table 2 Table 3

Geographic Impacts on Health | Reflection

Geographic Impacts on Health | Reflection Have you ever heard the phrase by Margaret Mead, â€Å"You are unique just like everyone else?† I believe everybody is unique but similar in their own way. It is because of this that I consider our perception of health, regardless if it is in the planning, implementation, and evaluation stage, varies tremendously yet remains the same in many ways. Our notion of health strongly depends on so many factors such as demography, ethnicity, religion, tradition, and values. Demographic distribution of populations has a very big impact on health with regards to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of health interventions because the bigger the population in a certain area, the bigger the intervention. For example, a town of 1,000 people will require less planning, executing the plan will be drastically easier, and evaluating the success of the intervention can be done smoothly compared to a city of 100,000 people. Also, certain areas tend to have a higher prevalence of certain diseases. By studying this, health interventions can be tailored to target certain health concerns or illnesses from certain areas. Political values of a certain country can affect the different stages of health intervention because most health related projects, these days, needs the approval of the government. Depending on the government, some proposed health projects can take years to fruition while others might not take that long. Furthermore, if the politics of a country is shady, the chances of a proposed health project to be approved or implemented is slim to none. Religion can be one of the hardest things to deal with when it comes to the stages of healthcare intervention. As a nurse, I have experienced first-hand the impact of religion has on certain medical treatment. There are some religious beliefs that are not too hard to handle but there some religious beliefs that can take it to the extremes. One of the hardest things I have ever been through was when my beliefs and values contradicts a patient’s religious beliefs especially when it involves life and death. Ethnicity also plays an important role in determining the proper intervention. It is a known fact that there are certain illnesses that affect certain ethnic groups. For example, â€Å"the rate of dementia on admission to nursing homes is higher among black residents than among white residents.[1] Weintraub D, et al. (2000).† Even though dementia does not have a cure, people can tailor their healthcare interventions to fit the needs of different ethnic groups. But this is only the tip of an iceberg. There are many diseases and illnesses associated with ethnicity. By knowing such data, people can go out of their way to limit a certain disease or illness thereby, hopefully, preventing the disease or illness from ever happening. Having been lucky to travel to different countries, I can say that human values really does have an impact on health interventions. One very big example is how Filipinos value the elderly. I am not insinuating that other countries do not value their elderly or Filipinos are better at valuing their elderly. I am just implying that we have a different way of taking care of our elderly. Filipinos seem to get a sense of fulfilment when taking care of their parents. I believe in taking care of my parents when they get old because they took care of me when I was young. I will send them to a rest home not because there are not any rest homes in the Philippines, but because I want to keep them close and connected – they are and will always be a part of the family. Since my beliefs and values have been instilled in me and because I have seen how my parents took care of their parents, it has now become sort of a tradition in which I and my fellow Filipinos take pride of. This is one way on how tradition impacts healthcare intervention. But there are also other ways. In many countries, especially in remote areas, traditional medicine is still being practiced and people in these areas believe this is the only form of medicine out there. A strong push for knowledge would be the proper intervention here. Having mentioned all these, it is safe to say that determinants either have a direct or indirect impact on health interventions. Also, some determinants can either be a deterrent or an opportunity. By deterrent, I mean those rare ones where health interventions can’t be implemented because certain beliefs will not permit such mediation. However, determinants can also be an opportunity to come up with a better plan, a more effective implementation, and a more efficient evaluation system of a healthcare intervention. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Attitude is the way you think about someone or something. Since we are all unique in our own way, it is safe to say that we also have different attitudes towards someone or something. You may like the Miami Heat while I like the San Antonio Spurs. Having this in mind, it would not be a long shot to conclude that our individual attitude towards health can have a great impact, directly or indirectly, towards planning, implementation, and evaluation of healthcare interventions. The public’s concept of health and illness is different no matter where you go. The World Health Organization defines health as â€Å"physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.†[2] These days, we are more united in trusting medicine and research than resorting to traditional medicine. But, that does not mean traditional medicine did not have the same attitude towards health and illness. â€Å"Traditional medicine practice (TMP) within Aboriginal Australia encompasses a holistic worldview which reflects that of the World Health Organizations’ definition of health†[3] Oliver, Stefanie. (2013). However, the practice of traditional medicine is slowly becoming a lost trade primarily due to colonisation, medical advancement, research enhancement, and technological improvement. Nowadays, most of us rely on science rather than traditional medicine. Have you ever wondered what brought about the advent of medical advancement? Funny as this may sound, most drugs today are of herbal descent and it is very important to recognize the value traditional medicine had on today’s medicine. There are still places where traditional medicine is still accepted and is still being practiced. Even in a small country like the Philippines, indigenous areas still believe that illness is caused by â€Å"voodoo magic† and that a â€Å"witch doctor† and his/her methods serve as the cure for such illness. In Korea, roots of certain plants are mixed in a drink and is believed to improve and restore homeostasis. Acupuncture is a method of needle insertion at various points of the skin to stimulate circulation and improve overall balance. This is believed to originate from China. How health is accepted and practiced in an area will depend on how the public values the importance of health. With all the different diseases out there, I believe that most countries consider health as a big priority and it is very evident from all the research being done to find a cure for certain diseases such as cancer, diabetes, HIV, and many more. It is not only through research that indicates how much importance the public considers health. Diet programs, exercise programs, and even healthier TV shows are being shared and broadcasted in hopes to help gain and inspire a healthier wellbeing. The public’s attitude towards health and medical professionals is essential to healthcare interventions because if people were not concerned about their own health, they would not seek the aid of doctors, traditional healers, or medical professionals. If they do not need help from medical professionals then there would not be a need for any planning, implementation, and evaluation. However, most people value their lives. They, generally, value their own health and fear what could happen if they do not take care of themselves. That is why people are slowly learning to consult dieticians to help them eat healthier. People are seeking the aid from trainers to get them into shape. People are even considering the use of traditional medicine and traditional methods (e.g. acupuncture) to do whatever it takes to be healthier. In my own opinion, especially here in New Zealand, the public is very concern about their health and also their environment. They are starting to open up to a more â€Å"organic† way of being healthy. These days, people are slowly â€Å"going green† and this is why they are exploring different alternatives to common medicine all for the sake of being healthy. I believe the media plays a vital role for the immergence of the â€Å"going green† lifestyle that people all over the world are slowly following suit. The public’s attitude towards health, illness, and medical professionals is very important. Without the public’s support, nothing will get done. The first thing that comes to mind when people mention New Zealand is the natural beauty this country possesses. New Zealand is surrounded by beautiful coastlines waiting to be discovered and crystal clear pristine waters to be explored. Aside from the coastline, New Zealand boasts of majestic snow-capped peaks and breath-taking waterfalls. We all got to see a glimpse of its immense beauty through the Lord of the Rings movie series and the Hobbit movie series. But the beauty of New Zealand is not only evident looking form the outside-in but also from the inside-out. Here, beauty runs skin deep. New Zealand is a melting pot of multiple cultures ranging from Maori, European, Pacific Island and Asian descent – all of which are very proud of their ancestry. With all these different cultures, it is hard to imagine how people get along. However, people just make it work here. They respect each other’s variances. This, for me, is what makes New Zealand unique and special. This kind of respect towards one another is generated from New Zealand’s founding document – The Treaty of Waitangi. This treaty simply implies that Maori people have the same rights as British people. This attitude and way of thinking has been instilled on every resident that it has robbed off on other settlers. So people accept each other equally. More so, people are learning to adapt to each’s culture. This is even evident when it comes to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of healthcare interventions. For example, the Maori’s cultural influence has been socially accepted that the whole nation is working together to maintain and preserve such a culture. It is a fact that Maoris generally have an obesity problem, which is a potential for diabetes, so the whole community is working hand in hand to provide means to aid the Maoris in tackling this problem. Health leaders are assisting whanau to come up with ways to address such an issues through proper education, training, and other means. But the community is not only helping the Maoris because the Maoris are also helping the community by educating them on their ways of traditional medicine. Since New Zealand is a very diverse country, all cultures are being treated the same way. More and more acupuncture facilities are popping up all over major cities. People are learning different herbal remedies from Asia to treat numerous ailments. Yoga, which originated from India, is just as popular here. People are learning how to eat healthier and exercise regularly like most Asian countries do. The influence is great and the impact is clear. It is up to us to absorb all these new cultural insights and choose a healthier lifestyle. [1] Weintraub D, Raskin A, Ruskin PE, Gruber-Baldini AL, Zimmerman SI, Hebel JR, et al. Racial differences in the prevalence of dementia among patients admitted to nursing homes.Psychiatric Services.2000;51:1259–1264. [2] World Health Organization:Declaration of Alma-Ata. Alma-Ata: USSR; 1978. [Proceedings of the International Conference on Primary Health Care] 6–12 September [3] Oliver, Stefanie. (2013). The role of traditional medicine practice in primary health care within Aboriginal Australia: a review of the literature. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2013, 9:46. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-9-46

Embryonic Stem Cell Research :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Americans are asked by the media to support embryonic stem cell research (ESCR) that uses human embryos. Many Americans favor ESCR because of the potential for benefiting people in need, people racked by disease. This essay goes beyond the emotional issues surrounding ESCR and informs the reader of the scientific background so that he is capable of making a well-informed decision about ESCR. Â   In August of last year, President Bush approved the use of federal funds to support research on a limited number of existing human embryonic stem cell lines (Bush). The decision met with notably mixed reactions. Proponents of embryonic stem cell research argue that restricting federal funding to a limited number of cell lines will hamper the progress of science, while those opposed insist that any use of cells derived from human embryos constitutes a significant breach of moral principles. It is clear that pressure to expand the limits established by the President will continue. It is equally clear that the ethical positions of those opposed to this research are unlikely to change. Â   Regrettably, much of the debate on this issue has taken place on emotional grounds, pitting the hope of curing heartrending medical conditions against the deeply held moral convictions of many Americans. Such arguments frequently ignore or mischaracterize the scientific facts. To arrive at an informed opinion on human embryonic stem cell research, it is important to have a clear understanding of precisely what embryonic stem cells are, whether embryonic stem cells are likely to be useful for medical treatments, and whether there are viable alternatives to the use of embryonic stem cells in scientific research. Â   Embryonic development is one of the most fascinating of all biological processes. A newly fertilized egg faces the daunting challenge of not only generating all of the tissues of the mature animal but organizing them into a functionally integrated whole. Generating a wide range of adult cell types is not an ability unique to embryos. Certain types of tumors called teratomas are extraordinarily adept at generating adult tissues, but unlike embryos, they do so without the benefit of an organizing principle or blueprint. Such tumors rapidly produce skin, bone, muscle, and even hair and teeth, all massed together in a chaotic lump of tissue. Many of the signals required to induce formation of specialized adult cells must be present in these tumors, but unlike embryos, tumors generate adult cell types in a hopelessly undirected manner.

Mononucleosis Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mononucleosis is a viral disease that affects those usually between the age of ten and thirty-five, although a person at any age can get the disease. This disease found in mainly adolescents and adults seems to only occur in those who escaped the Epstein-Barr virus infection in childhood. It is also known as Glandular Fever, because it affects the lymph nodes in the neck, arm pits and groin. It can last anywhere from one to two weeks to six to eight weeks, some people suffer from mononucleosis for months at a time, but as an individual it depends on your personal recuperation time. Recuperation is a very slow process, which demands a lot of sleep and rest. Being sick for a length of time such as two weeks drains you of strength and energy and as well you lose a lot of your muscles. Balance can also become lost with such an illness, which requires time to develop. Causes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mononucleosis is known to be caused by the Epstein_Barr virus (EBV), which can be passed by coughing, sneezing or saliva transfer, where it gets it’s popular name, the “kissing disease';. Much like chicken pox, most people don’t receive mononucleosis a second time in their life, but it can happen. Relapses can occur, but are fairly uncommon. Although you can receive the disease very easily, mononucleosis is not highly contagious, according to the majority of sources. Symptoms   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many symptoms associated with infectious mononucleosis, but the symptoms all depend on the individual. The more common symptoms are fatigue, sore throat, swelling of the lymph nodes and malaise. There is usually a change in the white cells and serum of the blood, but it can only be detected by a special test, known as the Mono Spot or the heterophile test. It is possible that the results of the test remain negative until a few weeks have passed after seeing some symptoms. It is very rare that the test results remain negative through out the duration of the disease. There are some more serious symptoms that may not be visible, such as the enlargement of the spleen and the inflammation of the liver. The enlargement of the spleen (see appendix) may not be detected by the doctor, but it is possible. It may cause a pain in the upper left abdominal located under the chest. If the ... ...ation period is between thirty and forty days, but it can vary depending on when the diagnosis occurs. It is possible to have the disease for several weeks and not even be aware that you have it. You can take acetaminophen or ibuprofen to control pain and fatigue, but avoid Aspirin, as it has been proven responsible for Rye’s Syndrome in children. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle is one way to prevent many diseases and infections, but Mono can occur in anyone who has come in contact with the virus. Appendix Spleen The spleen is a fist-sized, spongy organ located behind the stomach (removed in this illustration), just under the diaphragm. Part of the lymphatic system, the spleen is composed of two types of tissue. White pulp produces lymphocytes, which release antibodies into the bloodstream to combat infection. More prominent is the red pulp, in which macrophages filter broken cells, parasites, bile pigments, and other useless substances from the blood. Iron from broken red blood cells is stored in the spleen for later use. Despite this variety of functions, an injured or diseased spleen can be removed in adults without great consequence. Microsoft Illustration

The Pleasures of Eating Essay -- Literary Analysis, Wendell Berry

In Wendell Berry’s â€Å"The Pleasures of Eating,† this farmer tells eaters how their separation from food production has turned them into â€Å"passive consumers† who know nothing about the food they eat, or their part in the agricultural process (3). They are blindsided by a food industry that does not help them understand. Berry argues that the average consumer buys available food without any questions. He states consumers that think they are distanced from agriculture because they can easily buy food, making them ignorant of cruel conditions it went through to get on the shelf. Humans have become controlled by the food industry, and regard eating as just something required for their survival. Berry wants this to change as people realize they should get an enjoyment from eating that can only come from becoming responsible for their food choices and learning more about what they eat. While describing the average consumer’s ignorance and the food industry ’s deceit, he effectively uses appeals to emotion, logic, and values to persuade people to take charge, and change how they think about eating. One point Berry makes about people’s ignorance is that they do not recognize their connection to the agricultural cycle. He appeals to the reader’s sense of logic when he describes the process food goes through to reach the consumer, and how eating ends it (3). He uses their sense of reason to persuade them as he continues to point out how oblivious eaters are by saying that â€Å"food is pretty much an abstract idea† to them even though they should realize it does not magically appear in the local store (4). Berry mentions that not only do they ignore how it gets to the store, but also the location and type of farms their food comes from (4). He says ... ...ences him in the poem by William Carlos Williams, â€Å"There is nothing to eat, seek it where you will, but the body of the Lord,† and this appeals to the reader’s value of faith and gives his argument credibility (23). Throughout the essay, Berry logically progresses from stating the problem of the consumer’s ignorance and the manipulative food industry that plays into that ignorance, to stating his solution where consumers can take part in the agricultural process and alter how they think about eating in order to take pleasure in it. He effectively uses appeals to emotion and common values to convince the reader that this is an important issue and make her realize that she needs to wake up and change what she is doing. By using appeals to pathos, logos, and ethos, Berry creates a strong argument to make his point and get people to change how they attain and eat food.

Body of the Paper Essay

People see marriage as a bond between two people that involves responsibility and legalities, as well as commitment and challenge irregardless of how the ceremony took place. This concept of marriage hasn’t changed over the years. The notion of marriage as a sacrament and not just a contract can be traced from the writings of St. Paul who compared the relationship of a husband and wife to that of Christ and his church (Eph. v, 23-32). Different cultures are rich with wedding rituals and traditions. The said practices have some sort of historical and spiritual explanation amongst people with varying traditions drawn from their ancestors. A certain belief was incorporated in their culture which makes every ritual unique from one another. Nonetheless, all of them acknowledge the union of two individuals. One universally known tradition is that of the engagement ring. It is a ring that is given prior to the wedding ceremony which means that two people are engaged and are scheduled to be married soon. This custom can be dated back to the ancient Romans. It is believed that the roundness of the ring represents eternity. Therefore, wedding rings symbolizes a union that is to last forever. It was once thought that a vein or nerve ran directly from the â€Å"ring† finger of the left hand to the heart (Wedding Traditions 2008). The objective of this paper is to review wedding rituals and traditions being practiced by people across cultures. More specifically, we will look into the rich and unique wedding practices observed by the Filipinos, Chinese and Hindus. Moreover, we will study the significance of each wedding ritual for every culture and why it is part of their tradition. Body of the Paper A wedding ceremony is celebrated in recognition of the union or so-called â€Å"marriage† of two people. It may be performed by either a highly-respected religious elder or a government-sanctioned officiator. Marriage generally creates commitment between the individuals involved and also with their extended families in most cases. Throughout history, and even today, families arrange marriages for couples. The people involved didn’t and don’t have much to say about the decision. Most couples didn’t marry because they were in love but for economic contact. People marry for various reasons—it may be one of the following: public declaration of love, wants to gain legal, social and economic stability, formation of a family unit or legitimizing sexual relations. Some marriages involved a bride price wherein the groom or his family will give money or a present to the brides family; some required dowry where the bride’s family will be the one to offer money and gifts to the groom’s family, few had underwent some sort of dating or courtship for some time, but most of us are generally accustomed to our own traditions (Wedding Traditions 2008). In this paper, seven wedding rituals across different cultures will be discussed. Egyptian, Korean, Lebanese and Libyan wedding traditions will be reviewed. Specifically, the Filipino, Chinese and Hindu wedding rituals will be studied in details and will be compared. Weddings in Egypt are huge family events irregardless of their social status. Even in this generation, some of them still hold the significance of customs and symbols to the celebration. Al-zaffah is a slow procession performed by the couple’s family and friends. It is accompanies by music until they reach the reception hall. Also, the henna party called laylat al-hinna is still an important tradition to them. Egyptian weddings are celebrated with a strength that comes from the respect of family bonds. Like other couples, they also wish for a happy married life. In Korean wedding ceremonies, wild geese is used as a symbol of faithfulness. The groom’s father will throw red dates at the bride for fertility and good luck. In addition to that, cotton seeds, red beans and salt are thrown by their neighbors to drive evil spirits away. Three days after the wedding, the bride will be sent to the groom’s house. There, the bride then crosses a sack of grain and burnt straw to wish for a good harvest. In Lebanese weddings, roses are generally used. The bride then wears bangles and tiara on the wedding day. The new couple will serve ghoraibi to their guests as a symbol of the bride’s purity. Their weddings are inspired by rose petal shaped chocolates and white butter cookies. Libyan weddings ceremonies are Islamic in nature and is generally presided by an imam. At the bride’s house days before the actual wedding ceremony and reception, the marriage contract is already being signed. At the reception, the couple doesn’t eat with their guest. Rice and candy are showered on the bride. a. Filipino Marriage Gone are the days of arranged marriage (kasunduan) and shotgun marriage (pikot) where individuals, the bride and the groom, had no choice but to obey and comply with their parent’s wishes of them getting married. However, the Filipino style of courtship (ligawan) and suitor’s serenade (harana) have been lost over the years, too. These so-called traditional courtship styles have been reduced to dating. SMS messages and emails are means of communication of single men and women in today’s generation, and Filipinos have their way of adapting to these changes. Though these rituals have vanished as time passes by, engagements and wedding practices are still pretty much the same. Despite these revolutionizations, the essence of marriage remains in Filipinos—that is having the purest and sincerest intentions, respect for the elders and spiritual devotion. a. 1 Filipino Wedding Customs In early times, Filipino groom-to-be threw his spear at the front steps of his future home, which is said to be a sign that the bride has been spoken for. Nowadays, a ring is used as a symbol of engagement. a. 2 The Engagement Pamanhikan is an activity done by Filipino families where the groom and his parents visit the bride’s family to ask for her in marriage. In this event, wedding plans are included in the said activity participated by both families. The plan includes the discussion of guest list and wedding budget. Usually, the groom-to-be is seen to run some errands around the bride’s house. Paninilbihan is the tradition where the groom-to-be renders service to his future wife’s family to gain their approval (Celeste, T. 1997). a. 3 The Ceremony The wedding ceremony lasted for three days during the pre-colonial days. On the first day the couple was brought to the house of babaylan (priest) and will join hands over a plate of raw rice and give blessings to the couple. The priest will then prick the chest of both the bride and groom and draw a little blood on the third day. They then will join hands and proclaim their love for each other three times. The couple will be fed with cooked rice by the priest on the same plate and will give them a drink with some of their blood mixed with water. Binding the couple’s necks and hands with a cord, the priest will then declare them married. Today, most Filipino weddings are performed as Catholic weddings though some native ritual still remains. Sponsors are special people chosen by the couple to act as their witnesses. Thy can be godparent, counselors or relatives. Secondary sponsors will take charge to some special parts of the wedding ceremony such as the candle, cord and veil ceremonies. Lighting the candle symbolizes the joining of two families and representing Jesus Christ as the light of their married life. Placing the veil over the bride’s head and groom’s shoulder symbolizes that the two individuals are joined or unified. The cord, which is made of a decorative silk cord called yugal, in a form of figure eight, is placed in the couple’s shoulders symbolizes everlasting fidelity among the bride and groom. Arrhae or 13 coins which are blessed by the priest is given by the groom to his bride as a sign of his commitment, dedication to his wife and future children’s welfare (Filipinafiancevisa. com 2001). b. Chinese Marriage Chinese wedding is a ceremonial rite within Chinese folks wherein marriage is established by pre-arrangement between families. In short, the spouse-to-be of sons and daughters in Chinese families are determined by their parents. Within the Chinese culture, romantic love is prohibited and a monogamous relationship is common among citizens. Between 402-221 B. B. , Chinese marriage started to become a custom. Though the country China has many geographical as and is filled with extended history, generally there are six rituals to be followed, known as the three letters (request letter, gift letter and wedding letter) and six etiquette (proposal, birthdates, bride price, wedding gifts, arranging the wedding and wedding ceremony). Before modern age, women and not allowed to choose the person they will spend the rest of their lives with. Marriages were chosen based upon the needs of reproduction and honor as well as the needs of the husband and father-to-be (The Chinese Historical and Cultural Project 2001). b. 1 Chinese Wedding Customs Ancient Chinese believes in destiny. In prehistoric times, the gods tie a red string around the ankles of a man and a woman who will be a couple in the future. The Chinese tradition of determining their destiny is through their parents. The parents of the groom will write the bride’s eight characters which her year month, day and hour of birth and will then be placed in their family altar. After three days and nothing unfortunate happened in the family, it is a sign that the match is approved. The same ritual is performed by the bride’s family. If the match is granted, the celebration begins (About. Com 2008). b. 2 The Engagement Twelve gifts were exchanged by both parties to seal the couple’s marriage agreement. Chopsticks are famous engagement gift symbolizing the wish for sons. Usually, the family of the groom sends a whole roast pig to the bride’s house. In olden times, the bride’s family will send back the pig’s head and hind portion showing that everything has a beginning and an end. The wedding announcement in China is done by the groom providing special cakes to the bride’s family for it to be sent to family and friends. b. 3 The Ceremony Firecrackers are used to drive away evil spirits and are fired upon the arrival of the bride to the wedding ceremony. In a traditional Chinese wedding vow, the couple will kneel before an altar with offerings such as roast pig, ducks and chickens decorated with red candles. With cups tied with red strings, the bride and the groom will then sip wine as a sign of their vow. They will then cross their arms, exchange cups and drink again. The sharing of wine symbolizes the harmony of their married life together. After the event, the bride will serve a cup of sweet tea to each member of the groom’s family (The Chinese Historical and Cultural Project 2001). c. Hindu Wedding Sanskit is the language used for most holy Hindu ceremonies. One of which is the Hindu wedding. Traditionally, Hindu weddings are conducted in this language, thought not always. They have many wedding rituals that have evolved over the years and are different in many ways from the modern western wedding ceremony. The Hindu marriage ceremonies vary in different regions and according to family traditions. The Hindus give a lot of emphasis and significance to marriages and the ceremonies are very colorful and extend for several days. However, modern Hindu weddings are much shorter and do not involve the traditional ceremony that lasted for days. Also, some of their rituals are being altered. Instead, ceremonies are chosen by the couple’s family depending in their family tradition and class. Therefore, ceremonies differ among various ethnic groups that practice Hinduism. Generally, the wedding is conducted under a canopy with four pillars and a sacred fire in the middle of the altar which serves as the witness of the ceremony (National Association of Wedding Ministers 2008). c. 1 Hindu Wedding Customs In Old Hindu wedding ceremonies, the whole family participates in the ceremony, from nephews and nieces to the couple’s siblings. Moreover, the mothers of the groom and the bride play a special part of the entire celebration. c. 2 The Engagement The priest visits the bride’s home to recite reading and prayers so as to bless the wedding a few days before the formal wedding ceremony. On the evening before the wedding the groom will come over to the bride’s house and the bride’s family will welcome them with a small ceremony. Sometimes, the bride’s mother will be offering a gift to the groom’s mother. During this activity, the couple is not allowed to meet. If they see each other, it is believed that it will bring bad luck to their marriage (National Association of Wedding Ministers 2008). c. 3 The Ceremony The bride is escorted to the canopy by her maternal uncle. On the other hand, the groom is accompanied by the best man and a young girl whose role is to keep him alert by shaking a metal pot filled with coins. The entire ceremony is divided into three parts. The Kanyadaan is the first part where the bride’s parents will wash the couple’s feet with milk and water to cleanse and purify them for a new life together. The Hastamelap or known as the joining of the hands, the couple’s hand are joined together. The priest will then chant some verses in their holy scripture then a loop pf white raw cotton will be placed around the couple’s shoulders to symbolize their bond. A small open fire is lit in the center of the place. The bride’s male relatives will be called to lead the couple to walk around the fire. The number of times that they will walk around the fire will depend on the village they came from. In the southern state of Kerala, couples walk around coconut blossoms instead of a fire. In the couple’s hands are grains of rice, oats and leaves which symbolizes the blessings of good health, prosperity, happiness and wealth. At the end of the ceremony, rose petals are sprinkled to the couple to ward off evil spirits by the groom’s brothers. When the entire ceremony is over, the bride will feed her groom with mouthful of Indian sweets to show her responsibility to cook and take care of him and their children. In turn, the groom does the same act to show that he will provide her needs as well as for their future family. After the rituals, the relatives are invited under the canopy to place red dots in the couple’s foreheads and sprinkle them with rice grains to wish for a long, happy and prosperous knowledge together (Triveni Wedding Cards 2007). Discussion Marriage has been a very significant event among men and women. It symbolizes the union of two souls as well as recognition of the bonding of individuals in the presence of a minister or a government-sanctioned officer. In addition to this, wedding rituals have made cultures across nations rich and unique. These rituals exemplify their beliefs and lifestyles which explains some psychological theories. This paper primarily focuses on wedding rituals of Filipinos, Chinese and Hindus. The Egyptian, Lebanese, Libyan and Korean wedding styles and traditions were also reviewed. They differ in a way that is shows or portrays their traditions, however everyone has a common goal and that is to present how two individuals are joined and unified. That is, the need to express and acknowledge the joining of two souls, in the eyes of God or a government officiator for the recognition to be legalized. Filipino rituals only show how Filipinos value and respect their family’s approval for their soon-to-be spouse and that spiritual cleansing is important as a commitment and devotion to one’s lifetime partner. Valuing family ties can be observed to all Filipinos. Moreover, this concept can be seen in Filipino’s way of living—that they are still attached to their own families though they already have a family of their own. Chinese, on the other hand, believes in destiny and marriage is pre-determined. Their practices and beliefs show the Chinese way of living. Chinese nowadays are known to bloom in the business field, and from what was discussed in this paper, their marriage also depends on one’s economic stability. In addition to that, their rituals show the wealth of every Chinese family showing their capability to build and sustain a family. Lastly, the rituals of the Hindus show more of their spirituality. Driving evil spirits and wishing for happiness, wealth, prosperity and good health are some of the elements significant in the ceremony. Their ceremonies are usually colorful which indicates their lifestyle. Also, since family members and relatives play an important role in the festivity, it shows how significant family togetherness is to them. Having seen and discovered various rituals from different cultures, it clearly illustrates the diversity of people’s beliefs and traditions. It appears that every ritual and practices observed in different nations shows a historical, spiritual and psychological background that explains their lifestyles. Historical in the sense that these practices are drawn from their ancestors and are still practiced nowadays. Spiritual, because they honor and ask blessings from the gods that were introduced in their culture. Moreover, these rituals have specific meaning that will result to spiritual empowerment for the married couple. And lastly psychological, because there are certain reasons why people get married depending on their background and culture, how they choose the person to marry and the effect of their marriage in their future together. In my own point of view, further studies should be recommended for more explicit explanations of reviewed traditions and practices. In addition to that, results or outcomes should be recorded to analyze the accuracy of certain rituals that are observed. This may be helpful for further developing traditions as to giving more fruitful effects to couples who are soon to be married. In this case, comparison will be avoided to whether what culture is more rich and meaningful; rather respect for every culture’s belief will be promoted. Though such recommendations may seem tedious as to disrespectfully changing one’s belief and modifying a certain culture, acquiring these ideas may also help elevate people’s lifestyle as well as establishing a more logical and significant culture. References About. Com 2008. Chinese Marriage since 1950s Retrieved on March 14, 2008 from http://chineseculture. about. com/library/weekly/aa112200a. htm Celeste, T. 1997. Filipino Wedding Rites. Retrieved on March 14, 2008 from http://www. snoopydude. com/wedding/filipinowedding. htm Down, J. 2002. Chinese Wedding. Retrieved on March 17, 2008 from Newsfinder 2002, Culture Section. Ehow. com 2008. Wedding Customs and Traditions. Retrieved on March 14, 2008 from http://www. ehow. com/information_1329-wedding-traditions-customs. html? ref=fuel Filipinafiancevisa. com 2001. Filipino Wedding Traditions. Retrieved on March 14, 2008 from http://www. filipinafianceevisa. com/FilipinoWedding. htm Finch, P. 2007A Filipino Wedding – What To Expect Retrieved March 17, 2008, from http://ezinearticles. com/? A-Filipino-Wedding—What-To-Expect&id=821770 Huanxing Q. and Zhongmin L. 1999 Unique Chinese Customs in Hui’an, Fujian Province Retrieved on March 17, 2008 from Xindeco Business Information Company Kasal. com 2006. Despedida De Soltera. Retrieved on March 14, 2008 from http://www. kasal. com/html/rr/fili/fili5. html Morgan, P. J. Weddings in Egypt. Retrieved on March 17, 2008 from Saudi Aramco World, pages 34-39 National Association of Wedding Ministers 2008. Hindu Wedding Ceremony. Retrieved on March 14, 2008 from http://www. aweddingministers. com/ceremonial_mat/hindu_wedding. htm Persian cultures 2007. Wedding in different culture. Retrieved on March 14, 2008 from http://www. coxformat. co. uk/images/_backup/wedding-in-different-culture. html The Chinese Historical and Cultural Project 2001. Chinese Wedding Traditions. Retrieved on March 14, 2008 from http://www. chcp. org/wedding. html Triveni Wedding Cards 2007. Hindu Wedding Ceremony. Retrieved on March 14, 2008 from http://www. weddingcardshoppe. com/Hindu_Wedding_Ceremony. htm Wedding Traditions 2008. Wedding Traditions and Folklore. Retrieved on March 14, 2008 from http://www. vfwpost1503. org/wedding_traditions. htm Xing Q. H and Zhongmin 1998 Lu Wedding Customs Northern Shanxii Retrieved on March 17, 2008 from Folk Customs of China

Investigating the Use of Inclusive Design in Public Places and Architecture

Draft: Investigating The usage of inclusive design in public topographic points and architecture Purpose The chief purpose of the check, is to briefly investigate and explicate methods used in order to make an across-the-board enviourment in architecture, for people with assorted types of disablements. Assorted subjects, which will reason to the concluding solution, will be the history, standard methods used for Barrier-free design and instances surveies demoing assorted s methods being implanted to make such an inclusive and non-stereotypical enviourment. Definition of Inclusive Design. Inclusive Design which can be besides known as Design-for-all, Lifespan design, Barrier Free Design and Human-Centered Design is a motion aimed in making merchandises, enviourments and communications.which are functional and safe. Inclusive design is largely aimed to make a non discrimitive and stereotyped enviourment which suits the demand to accommodate to all types of users chiefly disabled, without the demand of add-on aid. this helps to make a autonomous society. ( EBDFID p135 ) . Harmonizing to the Book â€Å"Universal Design Creating an Inclusive Work† , Inclusive design should non know apart faith beliefs, category, gender, sexual orientation and most significantly disablement, barrier free design believes in a word were everyone is treated indifferently and with the same human rights. ( UD pg 15 ) â€Å"Universal design is the design of merchandises and environments to be useable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the demand for version or specialized design.† –Ron Mace 1988 In order for something to be considered as an Inclusive Design, it should incorporate the undermentioned Principles.Equitable Use ( giving off equal chances to all users regardless their abilities )Flexibility in Use ( Can be modified to the users need )Simple and Intuitive Use ( It is easy to utilize whilst communication, it’s map )Perceptible Information ( communicates information efficaciously )Tolerance for Error ( Provides communicative warnings when being used )Low Physical Effort ( no demand of extra strength and attempt through the usage of the infinite )Size and Space for attack and Use ( appropriate infinite is given to suit wheel chair users and assorted organic structure types etc )( UD pg 72 ) History The universe Universal design was developed by Ronald, L. Mace about 20 old ages ago, who wrote the book â€Å"Universal Design, in Designers West†in 1985. Ronald, L.Mace was besides the laminitis of the Center for Universal Design. Throughout the old ages assorted Torahs, ordinances and criterions have been developed, all these helped with the development of making barrier free design. ( universaldesign.ie, 2013 ) Such Torahs came approximately as assorted injured war veterans. where seeing the importance of rehabilitation and more handiness, before all this people with disablement were concled and in no manner integrated into society as there were particular establishments for them, so people can take attention of them. ( NCSU ) . Harmonizing to Oliver Heiss.one can see that the first type of inclusive design in architecture can be seen in infirmaries which catered for the well-being of injured veterans ( B-FD p10 ) The Civil Rights Movement of 1960, was one of the first inclusive Torahs, although this was non based on making an equal enviourment for the handicapped.It was radical as it helped make equal chances and stopped stereotyped racialist remarks against African Americans ( jfklibary,2014 ) . In 1961 the first disablement criterions were created being the American National Standards Institute ‘s ( ANSI ) 117. These Torahs which helped to make to make The Disability Rights Movements and statute laws of 1970’s,1980’s, 1990’s and 2000’s the Torahs were largely applied in the Unitied States and helped in the creative activity of a modern and functional design.As one can see, from the history discussed in the book Barrier-Free Design it shows that the development of human rights for disablement in Europe was much more set back, and took longer to develop even though these 2 continents had the same types of jobs. ( B-FD P9 ) . In 1988 The Fair Housing Amendment was invoked as a solution in order to avoid favoritism in flats for people with physical disablement, the act was based on making an accessible system, by including lifts, inclines.etc. This was the first jurisprudence, which delt with the betterment of the architectural construction ( HUD.gov 2007 ) .During this clip Lewis Mumford, an designer critic besides helped to advance Social architecture. In 1990 The first American with Disability Act which was based on some Torahs, found in the Civil Rights Act of `1964 was aimed so that designers could hold guildles in making public topographic points, which provide a service or employment indistinguishable. Opportunities, sing their different abilities due to a disablement. ( D: MBA P30 ) When implemented right, design for handiness allows people to be where they need to be independently, expeditiously and with self-respect, and in making so liberate their ain and others’ clip resource. Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation a â€Å"disability† is the job of holding a trouble which creates restrictions and limitations in a twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities. The types of disablements encountered can be one of the followingMotoric damages which can be recognised by low musculus control, strength and paralysation ( non being able to command your organic structure good )Mental damagesA Centripetal Impairment is the deficiency of one of the 5 senses being vision, hearing, gustatory sensation and odor.Cognitive damages being jobs with larning mental maps such as address, retrieving etc( B-FD p9 ) Inclusive design in public topographic points is non merely the architectural construction of a topographic point new engineerings are besides being applied in order to assist certain disablements the American Disability Act covers assorted subjects which besides including â€Å"Fire-Protection without Barriers† , and † Housing for the† . All these have assorted versions to the criterion regulations used as they contain different mark users as explained by Oliver Heiss a edifice should be adapted to its demands and users. One can happen that most regulations and the best explains are those used in Public Spaces such as Offices, working infinites, museums and schools this is as the American Disability Act suggests such topographic points should be welcoming to all users as possible without know aparting those supplying a service and those traveling for a service. ( B-FD ) Unfortunitly many designers still invision inclusive design largely for people with mobility impaments this can be seen through illustrations of the Millenium Park in the US which does non cointain characteristics which re suited for all types of imparmnts even thouh it is inclusive for eople whicjh have mobility issues. Design Design planning and impetation is an of import measure when coming to making new architectural edifices as suggested in most of RIBAs picture architectues normally create a adviser group of people with frogmans disablements who will utilize the infinite being created, these members help to do of import determinations of little inside informations which help make an enviourment which is non merely suited for an mean user but can accommodate to all type of demands. Assorted instance surveies suggest different methods one can utilize to supply a suited enviourment for the user. A peculiar illustration which shows inclusive design to all type of users is the Fleet Library at the Rhode Island School of Design, The library was created to except the mark of a wheel chair user as every 2 cubicals are non the same each cubical has peculiar withs and highs to set to diffirent organic structure types and make a infinite where everyone can experience comfortable.An intresting fact is that book shelves are keept low so that everyone can make all the books in the shelfs and the infinite is left every bit unfastened as possible for people with mobility imparments. Ponce De Leon in an interview about the school besides says how this design was non something that was re adjusted to the assorted users but was aimed to be suited for all the diffirent users one finds in this library she argues the importance inclusive design is when larning architecture as most of the clip it is over looked.According to Robert Siege the topographic point has achived inclusive design besides due to the new engineering used throughout the country such as audio initiation cringles at the library chief desk which helps people with heairing imparment communicate an understand better the talker as a moving ridge is automaticly connected to his hearing assistance, besides the usage of natural lighting and good lighting helps persons with vision jobs to see clearly although the articles do ot province how the library is suited or helps persons with vision damage, but explains that assorted textures are used to make contrast of infinite which as RIBA suggestes in its serious of pictures can be used to assist visualy impared persons have a memorable user experience and demo way. The library makes cosmopolitan design unseeable whilst maintaining the topographic point safe and beautiful. ( Architizer, 2014 ) ( RIBA,2009 ) ( NPR,2010 ) Hazelwood School in the City of glazgow is designed for childs who suffer from 2 diiferent imparments ( double sensory ) , they choose to include inclusive design in a merriment and colorful manner in order to pass on the infinite from people of 2 to 20 old ages of age.The school has a big Windowss to let even distribution of visible radiation and usage childrens residuary vision. An intresting characteristic which the school is good known for is the alone trail wall made out of cork and assorted texture meaning the country their in this largely helps lead kids with vision jobs due to touch whilst learning them orientation accomplishments and motivates them to travel around which is of import for childs which have certain mobility issues this fact can besides be seen in serious of picture from Riba which spekes about the Eden Project and says the importance of touch and making textures for people to derive an expirence. Colours is besides one of the chief characteristics used to demo fluctuation whitin infinites and besides the usage of curvetures and non habing crisp corners help kids non to acquire baffled For kids who have cognitive issues pictograms are used to assist them garner information visually as they orientate throughout the school besides brail is used expeditiously through the infinite, one can detect that the pictograms used are simple images and have an effectual coloring material which create a contrast with the backround. Keith Bright in the book Disability: Making Buildings Accessible states the importance of this as we perceive 70-75 % of information through vision. ( D: MBA PG82 ) ( As suggested by the RIBA Award largely schools and old peoples places are being given particular attending to such item One intresting illustration which is based on a Public infinite in Sweeden is the â€Å"City Lounge† in St.Galllen. The City Lounge in St.Gallen Sweeden is a peculiar public infinite undertaking created In 2005 which created something diffirent in concurrence to other undertakings one can notice hold achived assorted awards for inclusivity. Although the topographic point is largely known for its artistic qualities and museum like experience as described by the magazine St.Gallens – Lake Constance Inspirations ( Na ) This suggest that a infinite should besides hold a nice user expirence in order to pull users as besides stated in the book Universal Design ( United Nations ) The infinite making the metropolis sofa is made out of a soft gum elastic granulated flooring ( Wetpour gum elastic ) which is anti faux pas, non toxic and is considered hygienic and safe for kids. ( http: //advantagesports.com.au/rubber-flooring ) The infinite is communicated to the user with the usage of icons throughout the floor which insteantly communicate its significance. The infinite is suotable for people with mobility, sound and cognitive issues but is non every bit much inclusive for those enduring with vision imparment as the infinite can be confounding due to the seemless design where tectile flooring is non used to make way and infinite is non divided. The infinite is created to play with 1s senses as every sense is given importance.An component which can besides assist people with cognitive issues such as Autisim is the usage of such smooth forms which are besides used in establishments and infirmaries which have persons enduring from cognitive issues illustrations of topographic points utilizing similar technics are De Zeester an institute for kids with cognitive issues and the â€Å"New Strun Center for Autisim in Allo† where its chief designer Magda Mostafa where she besides uses soft ages throught a infinite to supply flow and extinguish misleadingnes. ( Archdaily2013 ) ( Architizer ) ( B-FD ) Civil Rights Movement – John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & A ; Museum. 2014. Civil Rights Movement – John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & A ; Museum. [ ONLINE ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Civil-Rights-Movement.aspx. [ Accessed 01 May 2014 ] .